 0ROJECT  n &OUR$IGIT -ULTIPLEXED 3EVEN3EGMENT ,%$ #OUNTER 7ITH 4IMER )NTERRUPT 

 3EQUENCE OF &UNCTION #ALLS  2EADING FROM AN %XIS

 #IRCUIT $IAGRAM  /PERATION OF THE 0ROJECT 

 #IRCUIT $IAGRAM  /PERATION OF THE 0ROJECT 

 #IRCUIT $IAGRAM  /PERATION OF THE 0ROJECT 

 #IRCUIT $IAGRAM  /PERATION OF THE 0ROJECT 

CHAPTER 3Memory Cards3.1 Memory Card Types! MEMORY CARD ALSO CALLED A mASH MEMORY CARD IS A SOLIDSTATE ELECTRONIC DATA STORAGEDEVICE &IRST IN

3ECURITY SYSTEMS s(ANDHELD SCANNERS s-EMORY CARDS ARE BASED ON TWO TECHNOLOGIES ./2 TECHNOLOGY AND .!.$ TECHNOLOGY./2 TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES HIGHSPEED

NOT AVAILABLE 3- CARDS WERE DESIGNED TO OPERATE AT EITHER  OR  6 AND A SMALL NOTCHEDCORNER WAS USED TO PROTECT 6 CARDS FROM BEING INSERTED I

3.4 Compact Flash Card#& CARDS WERE lRST DEVELOPED IN  BY 3AN$ISK 4HESE ARE THE CARDS OFFERING THE HIGHESTCAPACITIES FROM  -" TO 

SD Card Projects Using the PIC Microcontroller Dogan Ibrahim!-34%2$!- s "/34/. s (%)$%,"%2' s ,/.$/..%7 9/2+ s /8&/2$ s 0!2)3 s 3!.

3.5 Memory Stick Card4HE -3 CARDS WERE lRST DEVELOPED BY 3ONY IN  !LTHOUGH THE ORIGINAL -3 WAS ONLY -" THE LARGEST CAPACITY CURRENTLY A

3.6 Microdrive-ICRODRIVE IS BASICALLY A HARD DISK DESIGNED TO lT INTO A 4YPE )) #& CARD SIZE ENCLOSURE!LTHOUGH THE SIZE OF A MICRODRIVE IS SAME

4YPE - CARDS WERE DEVELOPED IN  AND ARE AVAILABLE IN CAPACITIES UP TO  '" 4HE READAND WRITE SPEEDS OF THESE CARDS ARE  AND  -"

THE CARD 4HE DATA TRANSFER SPEED IS APPROXIMATELY n -"S .ORMAL 3$ CARDS OPERATE ATn 6 AND HAVE  PINSMINI3$ CARDS WERE lRST RELEASE

3TANDARD 3$ CARDS UP TO  '" ARE USUALLY SHIPPED WITH THE &!4 lLE SYSTEM PRELOADED ON THE CARD3.8.2 High-Capacity SD Cards3ECURE

3$(# CARDS HAVE 3PEED #LASS 2ATINGS DElNED BY THE 3$ !SSOCIATION 4HE DElNED CLASSES ARE#LASS  DATA TRANSFER RATE  -"S s#LASS  DATA TRANSFE

3.10 Memory Card Physical Properties4ABLE  GIVES A COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMONLY USED MEMORY CARDS!S CAN BE SEEN FROM THE TAB

3.12 Detailed SD Card Structure!S THE TOPIC OF THIS BOOK IS 3$ CARDS THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND THE USE OF THESE CARDS IN 0)#MICROCONTROLLERBASED SY

)N ADDITION PIN  MUST BE CONNECTED TO THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE AND PINS  AND  MUST BECONNECTED TO THE SUPPLY GROUND3.12.2 SD Card Interface"EFORE

Figure 3.13: SD Card in SPI Bus ModeCSD0, D1, CLKCSD0, D1, CLKCSD0, D1, CLKMicrocontrollerSD cardSD cardSD cardVssVddTable 3.5: SD Card Pin Assignment

.EWNES IS AN IMPRINT OF %LSEVIER #ORPORATE $RIVE 3UITE  "URLINGTON -!  53!4HE "OULEVARD ,ANGFORD ,ANE +IDLINGTON /XFORD /8

-AXIMUM LOGIC  OUTPUT VOLTAGE 6/,   6-INIMUM REQUIRED LOGIC  INPUT VOLTAGE 6)(   6-AXIMUM LOGIC  INPUT VOLTAGE   6-AXIMUM REQUI

3$ CARDS SUPPORT hHOTv INSERTION OF THE CARD IE THE CARD CAN BE INSERTED INTO THE CIRCUITWITHOUT POWERING DOWN THE HOST 4HIS IS USUALLY ACHIEVED

3.13.1 OCR Register4HE /#2 REGISTER IS  BITS WIDE AND IT DESCRIBES THE OPERATING VOLTAGE RANGE AND STATUS BITSIN THE POWER SUPPLY 4ABLE  SHOWS

Table 3.8: OCR Register Bit DefinitionsOCR Bit Card Voltage Initial Value31 Card busy bit“0”  busy, “1”  ready30–24 Reserved All “0”s23 3.6–3.5 122 3

s PRV: "ITS n ARE THE 0RODUCT 2EVISION OF THE CARD s PNM: "ITS n ARE THE !3#))CHARACTER 0RODUCT #ODE FOR EXAMPLE3$ IS 

Table 3.10: CSD Register Bit DefinitionsField Description Width Bits *Value CodeCSD_STRUCTURE CSD structure 2 127–126 1.0 00b— 6 125–120 — 000000bTAAC

s TAAC: "ITS n DElNE THE ASYNCHRONOUS PART OF THE READ ACCESS TIME OF THE CARD4HE BITS ARE DECODED AS FOLLOWSTAAC bit Coden 4IME UNIT

… … #LASS  s READ_BL_LEN: "ITS n DElNE THE MAXIMUM READ DATA BLOCK LENGTH WHICH ISEQUAL TO 2%!$?",?,%. 4HE DATA BLOCK LENGTH IS

s C_SIZE_MULT: "ITS n ARE USED TO COMPUTE THE USERS DATA CARD CAPACITY MULTIPLYFACTORC_SIZE_MULT MULT    3        

s WRITE_BL_PARTIAL: "IT  DElNES WHETHER PARTIAL BLOCK WRITE IS AVAILABLEWRITE_BL_PARTIAL Write data size /NLY 72)4%?",?,%. SIZE OF 

ContentsPreface ...xixAbout the Web Site ...

3.13.6 SCR Register4HIS BIT REGISTER PROVIDES INFORMATION ON THE 3$ CARDS SPECIAL FEATURES SUCH AS THE STRUCTUREVERSION NUMBER THE PHYSICAL LAYE

orCard Capacity (in bytes)  (C_SIZE  1) s 2 (C_SIZE_MULT + 2) s 2READ_BL_LEN.The capacity is usually shown in MB andCard Capacity (Megabyte)  (C_SI

4HERE ARE A LARGE NUMBER OF COMMANDS AVAILABLE IN 30) MODE FOR READING THE CARD REGISTERS READING AND WRITING SINGLE AND MULTIPLE BLOCKS OF DATA ER

R2 Format: 4HIS RESPONSE TOKEN IS  BYTES LONG AND IS SENT AS A RESPONSE TO COMMAND3%.$?34!453R3 Format: 4HIS RESPONSE TOKEN IS  BYTES LONG AND IS S

4HIS BLOCK IS IDENTIlED BY DATA hv IE &%H"YTES n 53%2 $!4! s,AST  BYTES BYTE  AND BYTE  #2# s3.17 Card Reset Sta

3.19 Exercises %XPLAIN THE MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE STANDARD 3$ CARDS AND THE NEW 3$(# CARDS7HICH CARD WOULD YOU CHOOSE IN A LONG VIDEO RECORDI

 #ONTROLLER !REA .ETWORK )NTERFACE  %THERNET )NTERFACE 

 4HE #LOCK 3OURCES   7ATCHDOG 4IMER 

Chapter 4: Programming with the MPLAB C18 Compiler ...137 # 0ROGRAMMING ,ANGUAGES FOR 0)# -ICROCONTROLLERS 

 -ATH ,IBRARY &UNCTIONS  ,#$ &UNCTIONS 

 )&4(%.%,3%%.$)&   $/%.$$/